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                <text>4 Children by the gates</text>
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                <text>Fishing boat build 1913 owned by W Harvey registered n Lowestoft under LT706 wrecked near Penzance.&#13;
42 Gross Tonnage </text>
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                <text>Malcolm Waters</text>
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                <text>The South America was a steel screw steamer of 4,197 tons gross. She was owned by Nitrate Producers Company of London and had sailed from Hamburg bound for Cardiff in water ballast, under charter to the Hamburg Amerika Line. &#13;
&#13;
The weather was poor until March 12th 1912, when it cleared and Captain Bowling was able to morse 'All's well' to the signal station on the Lizard. But less than half an hour later the South America was steaming through thick banks of drizzle and frequent squalls of torrential rain and having to steer a zigzag course across Mount's Bay to avoid a Newlyn pilchard fleet, strung out haphazardly from Mousehole island to Runnelstone.&#13;
&#13;
At Midnight, Captain Bowling altered course northward to take the South America round Land's End. She ploughed on through the murk with the lookouts still keeping a wary eye open for the fishing boats and had just avoided a lugger lying at her nets when second officer Read saw the dark shape of land right ahead. The helm was swung hard over, but even as the steamer's 389 horse power engine was put violently into reverse there was a rumbling screech and she shuddered over the big round boulders of St. Loy Bay. &#13;
&#13;
By the time it rattled down on St. Loy bay, the steamer had been identified  as the South America from London. A rocket line was fired over her, but as no one was left aboard to secure it. Captain Alfred Bowling and Chief officer Thom, and second officer Harold Read, a Penzance man, swam out, climbed up a rope over the ship's side and set up the lines to work the breeches-buoy. As dawn lightened the sky above Carn Boscawen, the ship's instruments and the crew's baggage were landed and the South America was seen to be lying broadside-on near Merton Point, at the western end of St. Loy. She looked intact, but when the tide ebbed her bottom plates were seen to be badly damaged. The salvage steamer Lady of the Isles arrived, but even then it was obvious reflecting the stranded steamer would be a very difficult operation. &#13;
&#13;
In the days after the wreck, prospects of salvage grew dimmer with every tide, and a gale which blew up a week later caused more serious damage. Finally, the underwriters disposed of her to the Western Marine Salvage Company of Penzance, who began to break her up.&#13;
&#13;
At a Board of Trade Enquiry in May 1912, Captain Bowling and his officers levelled charged of looting at the people of St. Loy, as a number of things, including the Chief Officer Thom's Boer war medals and a large manila hawser (ship rope) had mysteriously disappeared. The medals were returned but the hawser was not, and there was talk that someone had been wrecking. These accusations were bitterly resented by the local people, many of whom had given very help and opened their homes to the shipwrecked crew. After two days, the findings of the court were announced. Captain Bowling was found guilty of not having navigated the South America with due care and in a proper and seamanlike manner; he had failed to take soundings after the shore lights were obscured and should not have altered course until he was certain of the steamer's position. In view of his previous unblemished record, he did not lose his certificate but received a severe warning. After the proceedings he withdrew his allegations about the looting of the South America. &#13;
&#13;
During the spring and summer of 1912, the local people became familiar with the great hulk of the South American and the breaking gangs who swarmed over her, and many could remember similar scenes twenty years before, when the French pit wood steamer Saintonge was wrecked in  the bay. &#13;
&#13;
Autumn came and the South America was still slowly diminishing as the salvage men cut deeper into her steel hull. October was an even foggier month than usual that year, and it was during the dark hours of the 14th that the extraordinary wrecked occurred in St. Loy, exactly seven months after the first one. At half-past three in the morning, John Richards was roused from his bed for the second time that year by unusual noise in the bay. He thought at first that the salvage men must have raised steam on the South America, or were engaged on som particularly noisy job, but as it seemed unlikely at that hour he took the lantern he had used to guide in the South America's crew and made his way down to the shore. Thick fog swirled over the sea and it was several minutes before he saw a small steamer right against the big hulk's weather side. &#13;
&#13;
Within an hour, the Lady of the Isles had arrived, towing the Newlyn Lifeboat, while the rocket cart from Mousehole had joined the inhabitants of St. Loy on the same rocks from which they had fired the line over the South America. The lifeboatmen and coastguards soon discovered that the stranded steamer was the 599- ton steel screw, schooner-rigged Abertay. Owned by Boise et Chabois of Lorient and bound for Barry with a cargo of pit wood. &#13;
&#13;
Description taken from Richard Larn and Clive Carter, Cornish Shipwrecks: The South Coasts (Newton Abbot: David &amp; Charles, 1971), p.203-208. &#13;
&#13;
Another Account taken from 'Heritage Gateway 'https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=da9346b9-27dc-422b-b7b3-cab2112efe77&amp;resourceID=19191&#13;
&#13;
The  steamer SOUTH AMERICA, bound from Hamburg to Cardiff, in ballast, went ashore in Boscanna Bay on the Cornish coast early yesterday morning. There was a thick fog at the time, and the ship got out of her course, presumably through a strong set of the tide.&#13;
&#13;
'A resident on the coast heard the sound of rockets, and so close was the steamer to the shore that he hailed her and advised the crew to get into their boats. He directed them where to land by means of a lantern, and though the work of landing was attended with great danger, it was carried out without loss of life. The captain's wife and son were among the rescued. The rocket brigade was summoned from Mousehole and had a very difficult journey over hilly roads to the scene of the wreck, but before they reached the place the crew had been landed.&#13;
&#13;
'The SOUTH AMERICA is a vessel of 2,700 tons register, and 7,000 tons carrying capacity. She is owned by Lowther, Latter and Co., of London. She left Hamburg on Sunday, and was due at Cardiff today. Her commander was Captain A. Bawling, of Margate. It is stated that water is in her holds and the engine-room.' (10)&#13;
&#13;
'Two wrecks occurred on the Cornish coast during a fog early yesterday morning.&#13;
&#13;
'In the first case the French steamer ABERTAY, from Lorient with pit props for Barry, went ashore in Boskenna Bay near Land's End, and was so near the wreck of another steamer, the SOUTH AMERICA, which went ashore at the same spot last March, that the crew were able to get on the deck of that derelict vessel.&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>The 2,297-ton steamer Tripolitania of Genoa sailed from her home port on December 181th 1912, in water ballast for Barry Dcoks, under the command of Captain Elia Reppito, and when deep in the Bay of Biscay encountered the worst storm to sweep the Channel for fifty years. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gusting to over 100 mph, the WSW gale caught her high-riding hull as it would saild, and by 6 A.M on Boxing Day,  when the Wolf Rock was sighted, she was in grave difficulities. She scraped past the Land's End Cliffs, and though water was pumped into her holds to force her deeper into the sea, she drove on. By noon the Tripolitania was inside the Lizard and, knowing she was doomed, Captain Reppito called the crew on to the bridge and told them that he was going to beach on Loe Bar. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At full speed she surged up the coast, then the wheel was put hard rescue to arrive the Italians flung a roper over the bows and though the first man who slid down was swept away, twenty-seven others got safely ashore. During the next few ays the Tripolitania was driven farther up the bar sands, but she was little damaged and the work of refloating her began. Scores of labourers dug away the sand which continually built around her, coffer dams were erected and channels cut back to the sea. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Months passed, and she still remained on the bar. In August 1913 hopes of salvage were still good, but on November 4th a south-west gale and high spring tide destroyed a year's work in a night. By dawn she had wallowed her way 300 yeards further inshore and settled down even deeper; Tripolitania was launched on the Mersey in 1905 as the Drumgarth, for John Heron &amp;amp; Co of Liverpool. She later became the Lord Cromer, and in December 1911 passed to Luigi Pillagura of Genoa. By a coincidence, her last captain before she was sold to the Italians was Captain J.J Beckerleg of Marazion, whose home was only half a dozen mile from Loe Bar. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Description from Richard Larn and Clive Carter, Cornish Shipwrecks: The South Coast (Newton Abbot: David &amp;amp; Charles, 171), p. 163.</text>
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                <text>Newspaper image of " SS Blue Jacket" off Longships Lighthouse</text>
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                <text>SS Blue Jacket ran around at longships. &#13;
Following account taken from Penwith Local History GroupThe last cargo of the long passage – railway sleepers from Danzig – is safely landed at Plymouth. It should be an easy trip for the Blue Jacket, round Land’s End to South Wales. Three compasses and steam steering fitted, all recently examined and found to be in perfect order. Sea flat; stars out; lights all clearly visible. Two men on watch tonight, one steering and one lookout. Asleep below, another 21 men, some no doubt dreaming happily of the streets, chapels, public houses of Cardiff. The Captain’s a young man, and his wife’s on board, so he’s happy too.&#13;
&#13;
What could possibly go wrong? Yes, Captain Thomas knows that, in theory, there should be three on watch. But he’s let the first mate – William Rouffignac of Newlyn - have a good night’s sleep. (William is the brother of Ambrose Roffignac who was the subject on On This Day 24 August 1898) After all, there’s the empty hold to clean out tomorrow, and after that desertion at Algiers, and the bosun being discharged at Falmouth, the numbers are a bit light. Who can blame the captain for bending the rules? For cutting through a bit of red tape, a bit of bureaucratic nonsense?&#13;
&#13;
The ship passes the Lizard, making its way towards Land’s End. Captain Thomas decides to call it a night, goes below. The second mate, Mr Sinclair, is perfectly competent – he’s got his paperwork. But still, Land’s End is Land’s End. The captain comes back up when the lighthouses are in view, checks all is well, returns below.&#13;
Mr Sinclair has been round Land’s End before; knows the ropes. He remembers quite clearly; pass to the inside of the Longships lighthouse. And his recollections of tonight will also be clear – that he went back to the captain, who was relaxing on a settee in his berth, and who told him: "All right, haul it right ahead… I will be up directly." But Captain Thomas will claim otherwise; claim that he was never even called.&#13;
&#13;
So it is, then, that things start to fall apart. The man on lookout – Mr Hughes - has to go and trim wicks on the lamps, leaving nobody except Mr Sinclair who - perhaps slightly anxious now – edges to port, intent on passing to the inside of the lighthouse. The one thing he knows about Land’s End, is that this is the right thing to do. The steering is slow to answer, though, and he runs for the captain, while the wheelman telegraphs down to the engine room: full astern. But it’s too late; far, far too late. The closing minutes of November 9th see her “dashed with tremendous force on the ledge of rock, so that the bow was sent up high on the rocks, while her bottom was torn away right to the engine-room”. Mrs Thomas is thrown against a bulkhead, and sees the doors of a bookcase fly open.&#13;
And so the day ends with Blue Jacket fast on the rocks, less than 50 yards from the lighthouse, a 20 foot gash in her side. “She commenced to make water rapidly in the fore and main holds and in the engine room”, the Board of Trade report will state, “and it became apparent that nothing could be done to save her”. Happily, not a single person was to lose their life that night: the Sennen lifeboat would have a straightforward task in the calm sea.&#13;
&#13;
What nobody could understand was how, with the lights of both ship and lighthouse plainly visible and the crew and lighthouse keepers close enough to converse, with all the modern equipment on board, such a thing could have happened. At the official hearing, blame would be placed squarely on the “defaults and negligence of the master”. He was in good health, had enjoyed a day’s rest in Plymouth and had an easy run home ahead of him: these things considered, the Board of Trade ruled, he had no business leaving the bridge. His certificate was suspended for six months.&#13;
&#13;
Cornishman 17th November 1898 page 3&#13;
&#13;
Cornish Telegraph 17th November 1898, page 5&#13;
&#13;
Full Board of Trade report (accessed 21 10 2017)</text>
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                <text>Watson class lifeboat Susan Ashley, the first lifeboat to have a superstructure made out of aluminium and one of thirteen 41ft Watson class boats designed for slipway launching. Susan Ashley saved 67 lives during her service at Sennen Cove in Cornwall and Barry Dock in Wales from 1948 to 1979. Source the Historic Dockyard Chatham</text>
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                <text>1965-1972</text>
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                <text>Postcard of an etching of 'The Nile' . Wrecked off Godrevy Point partially responsible for a campaign to instal a lighthouse on Godrevy &#13;
Source: Wikipedia&#13;
The Nile, an iron-hulled screw steamer, was built at Dumbarton in 1850. She was first operated by the Moss Line of Liverpool and inaugurated the line's Mediterranean service. In 1853 her ownership passed to James Stirling of Dublin and her operations to the British and Irish Steam Packet Company&#13;
Loss&#13;
On her last voyage, Nile was travelling from Liverpool to London, calling at Penzance, Falmouth, Plymouth and Portsmouth en route. She was carrying a cargo of heavy merchandise and could also accommodate passengers at low rates, though due to the late time of year few people would have taken such a roundabout route.[1] She had been due to leave Liverpool on Sunday 26 November but due to bad weather had to delay her journey for two days.[3] She left Liverpool on the evening of Tuesday 28 November and was last seen about 40 miles (64 km) from the Longships Lighthouse on the evening of 30 November, making her way through rough seas and high winds.[1]&#13;
The following day, a ship sailing from Hayle to Penzance spotted oil floating on the water. Later on 1 December it became apparent that an accident had overtaken the Nile when papers addressed to the captain, spars, empty casks and other debris were washed ashore at Portreath. The ship's stern was spotted a day or two later and several bodies, five of which were female, were washed ashore at Tehidy. One of them was identified as the stewardess of the Nile.[1]&#13;
Cause and casualties of the disaster&#13;
The cause of the disaster was not definitively established. It is likely that the captain, W.F. Moppett of Dublin, drifted off course by about 18 to 20 miles in the bad weather, resulting in the ship hitting The Stones. The Nile may have managed to back away from the rocks but foundered in 12 to 14 fathoms of water. Those aboard were either unable to escape due to the ship's rapid disintegration or were overwhelmed by the waves when they tried to launch the lifeboats.[1] The ship was thought to have struck the rocks around 2 or 3 am shortly after the flood tide, judging by the disposition of the wreckage in St Ives Bay.[3]&#13;
&#13;
There were about 24 crew aboard, consisting of the captain, two mates, a steward and stewardess, carpenter, boatswain, 18 engineers, stokers and sailors.[4] The number of passengers was unclear. Several missed the ship's departure due to its late exit from Liverpool. One man had a fortunate escape when he spent too long drinking ashore with a friend and missed the ship's departure. He hurried on to Bristol via another steamer and travelled overland to Hayle to catch up with the Nile so that he could be reunited with his luggage, which was still aboard, but found on arriving that he had lost his luggage but saved his life. Another man arrived at the ship just as the bridge to the deck was being removed and offered a shilling to a porter to replace it, but was refused; he thus missed the departure and unknowingly escaped the shipwreck.[3] The value of the Nile was estimated at around £40,000 to £50,000 (around £3.2 million to £4 million in 2013 prices) and was almost fully insured, but much of the cargo – mainly goods from Manchester despatched to drapers at Penzance, Truro and Falmouth – was uninsured and the consignees suffered heavy losses as a result of the sinking.[4]&#13;
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                <text>1853-11-30</text>
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                <text>Engraving</text>
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                <text>Godrevy</text>
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                <text>Busby, wrecked at Pendeen on June 23nd 1894.</text>
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                <text>The 2,070-ton Busby was launched in February 1894 at Stockton as a steel screw schooner-rigged steamer for the general Indian trade of Ropner &amp; Co of West Hartlepool. She had made only one Indian voyage when she sailed from Newport on the evening of June 22nd 1894, bound for Bombay, though loaded with 600 tons of coal as an intermediary cargo for Civitavecchia. &#13;
&#13;
At 7:30 next evening, off Trevose Head, Captain Sherwood altered course to pass five miles off the Longship rocks, and ordered the patent log to be steamed. Two hours later Godrevy light was sighted three points off the starboard bow. It was fairly clear to seaward, but the sky was heavily overcast, and second officer Brand was unable to get a routine fix on the light because of a sudden bank of thick drizzle. &#13;
&#13;
Course was altered again as the Busby passed St Ives, but not until 10 p.m, when visibility was really poor, was speed reduced from nine to four knots, and then to slow ahead. &#13;
&#13;
At 11 p.m,  Alfred Bowell, the bow lookout, saw a brief flash of light ahead as the weather suddenly improved. Captain Sherwood, believing they were nearing the Longships, ordered full speed, and warned Mr Brand to ready to take soundings. But even as he went aft to get the deep-sea lead, breakers were sighted off the port bow; the Busby was already well inside the Three Stone Oar. &#13;
&#13;
Captain Sherwood rang down for 'stop engines', the 'full astern', but with a low grating rumble the steamers port bilges ran over the rocks. Chief engineer Thompson blew off all steam and led the 'black gang' on deck as water poured across the stokehold plates. Everybody gathered on the bridge, and while the boats were being manned rockets were fired and flares burned. Within half an hour the coastguards had landed twelve men and a dog by breeches-buoy, the rest of the crew pulling ashore in the port lifeboat. Captain Sherwood, chief officer Thomas and Mr Brand stayed on board until 4 a.m, but there was nothing they could do to save their ships. &#13;
&#13;
Daylight found the Busby listing slightly to starboard, firmly held from bows to bridge and already half flooded. The Liverpool Salvage Association began work, pinning their hopes on the spring tides and continuing calm weather. To speed up the work, large square ports were cut in the sides, through which a score of local men shovelled the coal cargo overboard. Patching, pumping and shovelling  continued unceasingly until, at noon on July 16th, two Falmouth tugs and a Liverpool salvage steamer reflected the Busby on the flood tide. &#13;
&#13;
But the salvors had not chosen their weather for such a delicate operation. A fresh north-westerly gale sent heavy seas tumbling over the Busby's low-lying decks, hurling many of the forty salvage men into the scuppers and leaving those down in the holds stunned or breathless as water cascaded through the temporary coal ports. &#13;
&#13;
The Busby, already drawing twenty feet, began to settle, fast, and as a salvage hands frantically got two diver out of their cumbersome suits the tugs ranged alongside. The last men to jump clear were John Nicholls and George Chirgwin, who had been at the helm, and Harry Nicholls and John Tucker, pumping hands, all of who came from Penzance. &#13;
&#13;
Gradually the steamers poop deck rose higher unit, with a rush of air, oil, and debris, the Busby foundered in twenty fathoms leaving only her masthead visible midway between the headland and the Three Stone Oar. This final disaster came only four dats after Captain Sherwood had been found guilty of the Board of Trade inquiry at Falmouth of not having navigated the Busby with due care and in a proper and seamanlike manner. His previous record was unblemished, the Busby being the third new steamer he had commanded for Ropners, so his certificate was suspended for only six months. &#13;
&#13;
The Busby lay beyond salvage, and on December 6th 1894 divers recovering valuable gear from her reported her to be in three pieces and slowly settling into the sandy bottom. &#13;
&#13;
Description from Clive Carter, Cornish Shipwrecks: The South Coast (London: Penn Books Ltd, 1970), p31-32. </text>
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                <text>Pendeen</text>
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                <text>The 2,070-ton Busby was launched in February 1894 at Stockton as a steel screw schooner-rigged steamer for the general Indian trade of Ropner &amp; Co of West Hartlepool. She had made only one Indian voyage when she sailed from Newport on the evening of June 22nd 1894, bound for Bombay, though loaded with 600 tons of coal as an intermediary cargo for Civitavecchia. &#13;
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At 7:30 next evening, off Trevose Head, Captain Sherwood altered course to pass five miles off the Longship rocks, and ordered the patent log to be steamed. Two hours later Godrevy light was sighted three points off the starboard bow. It was fairly clear to seaward, but the sky was heavily overcast, and second officer Brand was unable to get a routine fix on the light because of a sudden bank of thick drizzle. &#13;
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Course was altered again as the Busby passed St Ives, but not until 10 p.m, when visibility was really poor, was speed reduced from nine to four knots, and then to slow ahead. &#13;
&#13;
At 11 p.m,  Alfred Bowell, the bow lookout, saw a brief flash of light ahead as the weather suddenly improved. Captain Sherwood, believing they were nearing the Longships, ordered full speed, and warned Mr Brand to ready to take soundings. But even as he went aft to get the deep-sea lead, breakers were sighted off the port bow; the Busby was already well inside the Three Stone Oar. &#13;
&#13;
Captain Sherwood rang down for 'stop engines', the 'full astern', but with a low grating rumble the steamers port bilges ran over the rocks. Chief engineer Thompson blew off all steam and led the 'black gang' on deck as water poured across the stokehold plates. Everybody gathered on the bridge, and while the boats were being manned rockets were fired and flares burned. Within half an hour the coastguards had landed twelve men and a dog by breeches-buoy, the rest of the crew pulling ashore in the port lifeboat. Captain Sherwood, chief officer Thomas and Mr Brand stayed on board until 4 a.m, but there was nothing they could do to save their ships. &#13;
&#13;
Daylight found the Busby listing slightly to starboard, firmly held from bows to bridge and already half flooded. The Liverpool Salvage Association began work, pinning their hopes on the spring tides and continuing calm weather. To speed up the work, large square ports were cut in the sides, through which a score of local men shovelled the coal cargo overboard. Patching, pumping and shovelling  continued unceasingly until, at noon on July 16th, two Falmouth tugs and a Liverpool salvage steamer reflected the Busby on the flood tide. &#13;
&#13;
But the salvors had not chosen their weather for such a delicate operation. A fresh north-westerly gale sent heavy seas tumbling over the Busby's low-lying decks, hurling many of the forty salvage men into the scuppers and leaving those down in the holds stunned or breathless as water cascaded through the temporary coal ports. &#13;
&#13;
The Busby, already drawing twenty feet, began to settle, fast, and as a salvage hands frantically got two diver out of their cumbersome suits the tugs ranged alongside. The last men to jump clear were John Nicholls and George Chirgwin, who had been at the helm, and Harry Nicholls and John Tucker, pumping hands, all of who came from Penzance. &#13;
&#13;
Gradually the steamers poop deck rose higher unit, with a rush of air, oil, and debris, the Busby foundered in twenty fathoms leaving only her masthead visible midway between the headland and the Three Stone Oar. This final disaster came only four dats after Captain Sherwood had been found guilty of the Board of Trade inquiry at Falmouth of not having navigated the Busby with due care and in a proper and seamanlike manner. His previous record was unblemished, the Busby being the third new steamer he had commanded for Ropners, so his certificate was suspended for only six months. &#13;
&#13;
The Busby lay beyond salvage, and on December 6th 1894 divers recovering valuable gear from her reported her to be in three pieces and slowly settling into the sandy bottom. &#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
Three days later she broke away from the tug Gamecock in a gale in SSW gale suddenly increased again, driving the Alexander Yeats back to the northward of Godrevy. The storm eased towards dawn, but the deck cargo had now shifted and the ship had developed a bad list to port.&#13;
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Throughout the day Portreath coastguards kept a vigilant watch on her attempts to wear off the land, and at dusk, as she wallowed past under small sail, they alerted Hayle lifeboat. But both she and the St. Ives lifeboat failed to reach the crippled ship, which, just before midnight, struck heavily in high seas under Gurnard's Head.&#13;
&#13;
Nineteen sailors, Irish, British, and Swedish were landed by breeches-buoy though not before a near-disaster when the landward anchor of the hawser came adrift. Apart from a broken forestopmast, the Alexander Yeats was not badly damaged, and by January 1897 a squad of traction engines, the first seen in the district, were hauling her pitchpine cargo to Penzance.&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
Throughout the day Portreath coastguards kept a vigilant watch on her attempts to wear off the land, and at dusk, as she wallowed past under small sail, they alerted Hayle lifeboat. But both she and the St. Ives lifeboat failed to reach the crippled ship, which, just before midnight, struck heavily in high seas under Gurnard's Head.&#13;
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                <text>St. Ives Lifeboat 'John and Sarah Eliza Stych</text>
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                <text>In the early hours of 23 January 1939 there was a Force 10 storm blowing with gusts of wind at 100 miles per hour (160 km/h). A large steamship was reported to be in trouble off Cape Cornwall but the Sennen Cove lifeboat could not be launched due to the low state of the tide. At 3:00 AM the John and Sarah Eliza Stych was launched into the dark.[5] Along with Cocking were seven more men: John Cocking (his son), Matthew Barber, William Barber and John Thomas who had all been in the Caroline Parsons wreck, along with Edgar Bassett, Richard Stevens, and William Freeman.[4] The boat rounded The Island where it met the full force of the storm as it headed westwards. Off Clodgy Point it capsized but did what it was designed to do and righted itself. Five of the crew were in the sea; only Freeman made it back into the boat. The engine was restarted but the propeller was fouled and they drifted back towards The Island where they dropped anchor but the rope parted and it capsized and righted a second time; only three survived this time. The boat now drifted north-eastwards across St Ives Bay towards Godrevy Point where it capsized for a third time. When it righted only Freeman was left. He scrambled ashore when the boat was smashed on the rocks.[5] All eight crew members were awarded bronze medals.[6] Since then two more Tommy Cockings, the drowned coxswain's son and grandson, have served as coxswain on the St Ives Lifeboat.[7] Source Wikipedia</text>
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                <text>Godrevy</text>
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                <text>Clive Carter´s "Cornish Shipwrecks, The North Coast" states: This wreck´s tragic story began at 2.30 am on the 22nd January 1939 when St. Just coastguard sighted a large steamer smothered by breaking seas 2 miles north of Cape Cornwall. At the time there was a WNW storm force 10 blowing with winds of over 90mph. The St. Ives lifeboat John &amp; Sarah Eliza Stych, aided by 80 volunteers working chestdeep in freezing water, was launched from the harbour. Four hours later the lifeboat, three times capsized and six of her crew drowned, was tossed ashore broken and gutted on to Godrevy rocks, leaving only one survivor. The big steamer had come within a few hundred yards of the shore before making off seawards. She had made neither rocket or radio signals and had apparently escaped unscathed. But other bodies than those of the lifeboatmen were coming ashore, and heavy wreckage was found near Zennor. A lifebouy enscribed Fosca was picked up, but this Italian steamer was unharmed. Under Wicca Cliffs a broken lifeboat marked Becheville was found, but this 2,561 ton London steamer had already limped in to Falmouth with 6 of her crew badly injured. Further wreckage indicated a French trawler. At Tregurthen a farmer found a broken lifebuoy, one half bearing SS Wilston and the other "Glasgow". The Wilston was last positvely sighted 20 miles NNW of the Longships, however no distress signal of any kind was ever received from her. Source:  wrecksite: https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?76142</text>
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                <text>HMS Warspite</text>
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                <text>HMS Warspite was one of five Queen Elizabeth-class battleships built for the Royal Navy during the early 1910s. Completed during the First World War in 1915, she was assigned to the Grand Fleet and participated in the Battle of Jutland. Other than that battle, and the inconclusive Action of 19 August, her service during the war generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea. During the interwar period the ship was deployed in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, often serving as flagship, and was thoroughly modernised in the mid-1930s.&#13;
During the Second World War, Warspite was involved in the Norwegian Campaign in early 1940 and was transferred to the Mediterranean later that year where the ship participated in fleet actions against the Royal Italian Navy (Regia Marina) while also escorting convoys and bombarding Italian troops ashore. She was damaged by German aircraft during the Battle of Crete in mid-1941 and required six months of repairs in the United States. They were completed after the start of the Pacific War in December and the ship sailed across the Pacific to join the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean in early 1942. Warspite returned home in mid-1943 to conduct naval gunfire support as part of Force H during the Italian campaign. She was badly damaged by German radio-controlled glider bombs during the landings at Salerno and spent most of the next year under repair. The ship bombarded German positions during the Normandy landings and on Walcheren Island in 1944, despite not being fully repaired. These actions earned her the most battle honours ever awarded to an individual ship in the Royal Navy. For this and other reasons, Warspite gained the nickname the "Grand Old Lady" after a comment made by Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham in 1943 while she was his flagship.&#13;
When she was launched in 1913 the use of oil as fuel and untried 15-inch guns were revolutionary concepts in the naval arms race between Britain and Germany, a considerable risk for Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, and Admiral of the Fleet Sir Jackie Fisher, who had advocated the design. However, the new "fast battleships" proved to be an outstanding success during the First World War. Decommissioned in 1945, Warspite ran aground under tow to be scrapped in 1947 on rocks near Prussia Cove, Cornwall, and was eventually broken up nearby.&#13;
Warspite was the sixth Royal Navy ship to bear the name. It likely originated from an archaic word for woodpecker, 'speight'; with the implication that, during the age of sail the war-speight would peck holes in her enemies' wooden hulls. Source Wikipedia</text>
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                <text>Prussia Cove</text>
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                <text>"Dunboyne" three masted steel sailing ship.</text>
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                <text>&#13;
The Dunboyne was a full-rigged ship built at Whitehaven and launched in March 1888. Now renamed the af Chapman she is still afloat, and is reputedly the World's third oldest surviving iron-built ship (the Euterpe, built in the Isle of Man, is one of the older ships). The af Chapman is moored at Skeppsholmen in Stockholm, where she has been used as a youth hostel since1949, and has hosted over a million visitors.&#13;
&#13;
Named the Dunboyne by her original Dublin owners, Charles E. Martin &amp; Co., she participated in the trade to Australia in her early years. According to Tom Messenger (see Source 2), who was First Mate in 1890 on voyages between Wales and Australia, her master, Capt. O'Neill, had his wife and daughter aboard. Unfortunately the child died and was buried at sea.&#13;
&#13;
Sold to Norway in 1909, the Dunboyne was renamed the G.D. Kennedy in July 1915 when she was bought by the Swedish shipping company Transatlantic. This company sold her to the Swedish government in 1924, and it was then that the ship was finally renamed af Chapman. She spent ten more years at sea, ending her final voyage on the 27th September 1934.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
During World War II, the af Chapman was moored in Stockholm harbour, serving as a floating barracks for the Swedish Navy. No longer required by the Navy after the War, the ship was saved when the City of Stockholm bought her in 1947.&#13;
&#13;
During World War II, the af Chapman was moored in Stockholm harbour, serving as a floating barracks for the Swedish Navy. No longer required by the Navy after the War, the ship was saved when the City of Stockholm bought her in 1947. The ship was to remain berthed in Stockholm harbour. She was renovated to serve as a youth hostel, and serves that purpose still today. Her modification preserved as far as possible the ship's original condition, the large open lower deck, for example, being divided with removeable bulkheads, to preserve the deck as it once would have looked.&#13;
Source: https://www.mightyseas.co.uk/marhist/whitehaven/wsbc/dunboyne.htm</text>
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                <text>Falmouth Harbour</text>
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                <text>HMS D1 Royal Navy's First Diesel Powered Sub - launched 16th May 1908</text>
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                <text>Royal Navy’s First Diesel Powered Sub Launched 105 Years Ago Today&#13;
&#13;
On 16th May 1908 HMS D1, the first of the D Class Submarines of the Royal Navy was launched.  The photo above, taken by Stephen Cribb, shows the D1 moored in Portsmouth harbour sometime between May 1908 and 1913.  To the left in the background is HMS Mercury an old Iris Class Cruiser which became a submarine depot ship in 1906.  In the foreground we can see the A Class HMS A5 passing D1 with some of her 11 man crew manning the sides.&#13;
&#13;
The D Class of submarines was a major step forward in sub capability. Until that time the preceding classes were confined to coastal areas with little ability for longer range cruising.  The earlier classes A through C were powered by electric motors and petrol engines.  The new D class had an improved surface cruising range of up to 2500 nautical miles in comparison to the earlier A Class’, which was first launched in 1902, 350 nautical miles.  This shows the leap in capability over just 6 years.   The D Class also had improved armament and speed, fitted with 2 forward and 1 aft firing 18 inch torpedo tubes and was also the first class to be fitted with a 12-pdr deck gun for surface use.   They were also the first subs to be equipped with a radio set, they were truly cutting edge boats.&#13;
&#13;
The D1 was built in absolute secrecy so advanced was her design, with her being built out of sight and even launched with little fanfare and she was immediately screened from view after her launch.  The D Class proved that subs could be viable long range assets when D1 sank a cruiser during exercises in 1910 and they proved their worth during World War One.   They were a part of the submarine force which patrolled the north sea and the Heligoland Bight attacking German shipping.  All of the sub classes built before 1914 played a part during the war with the A &amp; B classes filling port and harbour defence and training roles and the more advanced C class attacking shipping in the Baltic.  After the end of the war however technology had once again advanced and the D Class were succeeded by the later L Class.  D1 was sunk as a target in 1918.&#13;
Source: https://www.historicalfirearms.info/post/50588459895/historical-trivia-royal-navys-first-diesel</text>
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                <text>Morrab Library</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="177570">
                <text>1908-05-16</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="177571">
                <text>Morrab Library</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="177572">
                <text>Print</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="177573">
                <text>M.2500</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="177574">
                <text>Portsmouth</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
